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	<title>The Philosophers Chair &#187; Philosophy of Science</title>
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		<title>What do You Know about Spiritual Science?</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2912-what-do-you-know-about-spiritual-science</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2912-what-do-you-know-about-spiritual-science#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Oct 2011 19:54:47 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[spiritual]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Spiritual science is a field of science which may attract you. If you are going to learn about this, you are going to manage the process in which the cognition of the spirit is gained from the systematic studies of what our senses perceive. It has no doctrine or scripture and belief system but it [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Spiritual science is a field of science which may attract you. If you are going to learn about this, you are going to manage the process in which the cognition of the spirit is gained from the systematic studies of what our senses perceive. It has no doctrine or scripture and belief system but it takes the best that each of the mentioned things has to offer.</p>
<p>Spiritual science, including the study of people&#8217;s words, thoughts, deeds and the meditation practice as well, is an interesting field. We can see it, in a simple way, as a philosophical manner of living. However, it is actually much disciplined.</p>
</p>
<p>Today, many people are attracted by this particular science. The reason is due to the open-ended thought system of the study, which endlessly evolves as the mankind endlessly develops. These extended teachings are made from the wisdom which represents human knowledge. Furthermore, this science teaches us that everyone is his or her own divine being.</p>
<p>It makes everyone of us more responsible for our own thoughts, deeds and words. Our success, harmony and peace of mind are characterized by how well they contact the Divine Being. The objective of this science is to encourage us to think about and believe in things which they do not think about and believe in.</p>
</p>
<p>Science teaches us that the universal truths, as a supernatural expression, are brought out to every religion in this world. Every religion in this world is recognized in this science with their own value. However, it does not tell us there is a specific path to take for spirit to be enlightened.</p>
<p>It instead explains that there are one or some paths, however every of them leads us to the same destination, and God-realization as well as self-realization will be reached at the end. Those people who have interests in this science have the genuine anxiety and sincerity over studying the art of real conscious living.</p>
</p>
<p>It teaches us that the thoughts of us towards the nature of the universe can determine what our relationship with the universe will be. In addition, humans have capability of expressing their potential if they can recognize themselves as the creations as well as the co-creators. Seven branches of philosophy are logic, metaphysics, psychology, ethics, esthetics, epistemology and theology.</p>
<p>Those engaging in the study and practice of spiritual science can develop selflessness in life. They share and teach others God&#8217;s works and obtain better lives.</p>
<div>
<p>Spiritual well-being is so important for a balanced and wealthy life. MindMaster is a personal development program that has helped thousands achieve spiritual fulfilment through computer based messages reflecting <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/4925415']);" href="www.mindmaster.tv">positive thinking </a>. You can download and try the program Free by visiting http://www.MindMaster.TV.</p>
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<h3><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Religion-and-Science-ebook/dp/B004HB1Y26%3FSubscriptionId%3DAKIAI7SWRO5N2Q5AP7XQ%26tag%3Diphogoss-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3DB004HB1Y26" rel="nofollow">Religion and Science</a></h3>
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Everything that the human race has done and thought is concerned with the satisfaction of deeply felt needs and the assuagement of pain. One has to keep this constantly in mind if one wishes to understand spiritual movements and their development.

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		<title>History of Science</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2900-history-of-science</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2900-history-of-science#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2011 15:55:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[History]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[By the term history of science we mean that a study which studies development of history regarding human-understanding. Before 20th century history of science, mainly of biological and physical sciences, were looked upon as narrative which was celebrating victory of the true hypothesis over the false. Civilization&#8217;s progress was made possible because of science. Science [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>By the term history of science we mean that a study which studies development of history regarding human-understanding. Before 20th century history of science, mainly of biological and physical sciences, were looked upon as narrative which was celebrating victory of the true hypothesis over the false. Civilization&#8217;s progress was made possible because of science. Science has been referred as soul of theoretical, practical and empirical knowledge regarding natural-world. Science is produced through researches that are using scientific procedures for emphasizing observation, prediction and explanation of the phenomena of the real-world by various experiments.</p>
<p>Science in the modern world is divided into various parts which we discuss here below:</p>
</p>
<p>Physics – It is part of natural science which was developed historically from philosophy. It was earlier known as the natural-philosophy – term that describes study&#8217;s field concerned basically with nature&#8217;s workings. It involves matter&#8217;s study as well as the motion of that matter through the space time with the related things like force and energy.<br />
Chemistry – Is a science studying about matter as well as changes which is undergone by it. It has been considered as a physical-science that studies about many substances, molecules, atoms, crystals as well as other matter&#8217;s aggregate whether during combination or isolation. It is specialized more than physics as it is concerned more with composition, structure, properties and behavior of the matter and also changes in it during reaction of chemicals.<br />
Geology – It is a study on Earth. It can also be called as a guideline with the help of which we can know of what the Earth is made up of, history of its life as well as climatic conditions of the past period.<br />
Astronomy &#8211; Astronomy means a science of nature which is related to study on celestial or ethereal objects (like stars, comets, and planets, clusters of stars, galaxies and nebulae) as well as phenomena which originates outside atmosphere of Earth (like cosmic-background-radiation). Astronomy is implicated with evolution, chemistry, physics, motion and meteorology of celestial-objects and development as well as formation of our Universe.<br />
Biology – Biology&#8217;s history traces study regarding living human and world that are from the ancient – modern periods.<br />
Ecology – It is a sub-discipline of biology. It is also study of relations of the living organisms with each other as well as their natural environment. The hierarchical systems that are organized into a graded series of regularly interacting and semi-independent parts that aggregate into higher orders of complex integrated wholes is called an ecosystem.</p>
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<p>This clip first discusses a 1996 conference sponsored by the Center for Consciousness Studies in Tucson, Arizona entitled &#8220;Toward a Science of Consciousness.&#8221; The key figures that can be seen are Stuart Hameroff, Christof Koch, David Chalmers, Daniel Dennett, Patricia Churchland, and John Searle. Daniel Dennett then briefly discusses his views on consciousness and the first-person illusion that we are aware of our complete visual field, when in actuality we are not. And finally, Frank Jackson&#8217;s famous &#8220;Mary the Neuroscientist&#8221; thought-experiment is explained.</p>
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		<title>General Commentaries: Spirituality, Religion, Reason, Science</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2886-general-commentaries-spirituality-religion-reason-science</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2886-general-commentaries-spirituality-religion-reason-science#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:12:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Commentaries]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Reason]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Religion]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[spirituality]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Imagination is only a groping. It has no value unless it is divinely inspired, for then it becomes inspiration. Completely new terms can be made up by new-age authors. A lot of science fiction and fantasy movies also come up with several new terms which you might not have heard before. Ingenious sure, but empty [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Imagination is only a groping. It has no value unless it is divinely inspired, for then it becomes inspiration. Completely new terms can be made up by new-age authors. A lot of science fiction and fantasy movies also come up with several new terms which you might not have heard before. Ingenious sure, but empty all the same. Sometimes they run out of terms to explain what they are trying to say, so what do they do? They borrow from other age-old cultures and just use terms superficially. So, before one reads new-age books, one must read some real spiritual books, try to have real inner experience, and then you will have the discerning ability to tell the real from the false. But if you rather just be swooped up in some fancy imagination than the real truth, then you should just continue reading novellas and short stories and have fun.</p>
<p> Imagination, as beautiful and as creative as it can be at times, is aesthetically pleasing but is also vacant and void and often baseless and non-revealing of any higher truth. It may correspond to something higher in a very faint and obscure way but it has the danger of leading you astray and away from the harsh realities that must be endured on the way to the truth if you lack discernment and rational discrimination. Imagination is a tool for us lower beings with our limited mentality and our obscure groping for truth. However, if used well it can be a good tool to reach out into the unrealized possibilities, and our minds could be like antennae that pick up on the unmanifest and will to create it here in the material realm. Some beings tend to have more power to realize and manifest what they imagine and sometimes it betters humanity and sometimes it worsens and sometimes it&#8217;s neither. It comes from the universal mind. The universe is impartial so it allows the complete and utter realization of any possibility that can be thought up and there is nothing we can imagine that isn&#8217;t already contained in the framework of the universe. It may not exist in our current world or be a part of our present existence but it still exists in seed state or realized in subtler realms. Otherwise, somebody like a Tesla could never have invented things that were yet incomprehensible to most people then. So, I admit that imagination can be used as a tool towards realization of truth, but when one ascends to higher levels of consciousness, the dependence on imagination recedes and must be abandoned in favour of inspiration and intuition combined with higher discrimination from higher and deeper realms. Also, there is a strong will required and a detailed thought process involved in converting these ideations, imaginations or inspirations into something material that is utilizable and applicable in Life.</p>
<p>Things that have fancy names and are colourful and make a lot of noise obviously lack content and attract attention through vacant polysyllables. The beauty should be in the content and the living truth that it represents, not some far off fantasy. These things often don&#8217;t have a definite demarcation between them. We can ideate and try to define them but that would lower its content. Then it loses value. Our language is insufficient to express higher truths. So one must first realize and live in the truth oneself and then transform one&#8217;s own being entirely before his exterior equipments (mind, life, body) are ready to express it without dilution or distortion. But most new age authors just read a lot of ancient history and scriptures from various great civilizations of the past and then just use their extremely imaginative mind to make up their own little world by which they then try and proselytize undeveloped minds. And people just buy into it because it&#8217;s been published as a book. These shouldn&#8217;t receive more importance than a novel or a short story that took you on a surreal journey yet when you&#8217;re back on the ground you must use your rational mind to discern the truth alone. Often times certain novels and stories written in the right spirit expresses more truth than this new-age nonsense. It is just a marketing gimmick. I am all for synthesizing and integrating truths from various timeless cultures but it has to be a synthesis of truth and truth alone. It must not be a mere enthusiastic and ecclesiastical orgy of polysyllables and exotic terminology engineered to invade the undeveloped minds of the ignorant mass. It must be an integration of the essence and not just terms and false symbols. None of these authors have had any authentic spiritual realizations. Neither is their outer nature transmuted enough to express the truth in any form.</p>
<p> Almost all ancient texts from around the world are esoteric in the sense that they contain hidden truths, which they represent in an interactive, often extra-logical ways; kind of like a fairy tale. They exaggerate it to such an extent that it is purposely meant for you to look beyond the literal and into the deeper psychological subtleties leading to truths. However, majority of the world still hasn&#8217;t developed much of a thought-force and rather not think and just repose on the mundane. Once you have been awakened to deeper meaning behind the ancient symbolism, your perspective changes for ever. You tend to see it everywhere you look.</p>
<p>Terms such as religion, God, spirit and soul have all been corrupted indeed, by the limited understanding of puny minds. So, when science advanced, it found it easy to disprove all the so called &#8220;religious&#8221; truths because even the so called &#8220;religious and spiritual&#8221; leaders did not have a proper understanding of their own beliefs as science did of science. So materialism took over and we see the world today as its most extreme form. It seems today that matter and spirit are mutually exclusive but the perfect reconciliation of the two is what will set humanity free and immortal.</p>
<p>In the words of the great Seer-poet-philosopher Sri Aurobindo:</p>
<p> &#8221;Atheism in Europe has been a shallow and rather childish reaction against a shallow and childish exoteric religionism and its popular inadequate and crudely dogmatic notions.&#8221;</p>
<p>This sort of atheism, materialism, capitalism, positivism and agnosticism is more pronounced in the west than the East. In the east there never was and possibly never will be such an unbridgeable gap between spirituality, mysticism, Religion and Science because all Eastern philosophies work towards synthesis and reconciliation. This comes easy to them because they start from an essential unity whereas all western thought begins from a multiplicity and differentiation and division. The West tends to live in the realm of the mind which has a natural tendency to division and separation and exclusive analysis and thus cannot look at the whole. It takes a part for the whole and gives it an absolute value. Thus its perspective is limited only to that portion no matter how large the portion. Eastern thought on the other hand views the world from the largeness and vastness of the spirit and thus even the most opposite of principles fuse into one essentially instead of an eternal dichotomy.</p>
<p>Science is still playing catch up to Spirituality &amp; Occultism, which have a few thousand years of head start. Yet science arrogantly claims the findings as its own &amp; discredits others; fails to acknowledge the truth in them. Perhaps, it has become a new kind of dogma and a new church. The Power of the Mantra, known to ancients millennia ago is now starting to be accepted by science as per the article by Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf, &#8220;Scientist Prove DNA Can Be Reprogrammed by Words &amp; Frequencies&#8221;. Take the long route science. I shall be waiting on the mountain peaks of the Spirit, if &amp; when you transcend your limiting intellect &amp; eventually get there. For our destination is the same.</p>
<p>However, Science cannot be completely discredited or dismissed. Science has made an immense contribution in terms of analyzing and classifying details of creation. It has brought to light the minute and detailed workings of world nature and physical matter and is constantly moving towards further perfection. However, it must work within its limits and stick to what it knows and what it&#8217;s expertise entails. It must not state its claim on non-physical or supra-physical phenomenon using physical means. It must constantly move towards a truth and be flexible in its approach and not be fixed in its ways. It must be willing to accept other possibilities beyond the physical and widen its scope and its future development. It must not become a new religion but be constantly in pursuit of truth be willing to accommodate varied viewpoints if it is to enlarge its scope.</p>
<p>The superficiality and the superfluousness of the world can be really frustrating at times and the Ignorance and stupidity that brews daily is just simply repugnant. However, we can only try and live the truth. That is the only way we can lead by example. Whatever truth is concretely and subjectively realized must be objectified and externalized in life and must constantly remain living. This is what the ancient rituals of various traditions such as Vedas and Tantras aimed at when they translated their inner realization as outward rites and actions. However, they have a tendency to become mechanical over time since the average man is unable to see the living truth behind the form and hold it in his heart and mind whilst performing such a rite. Hence, Spiritual realization must come first and we must be a conscious instrument, forever spontaneously acting out the truths based on the intimations received from that infinite spiritual space.</p>
<p>Reason used upon itself and for itself only leads to agnosticism and facts or logic leave no room for other possibilities. Reason must be used to transcend</p>
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		<title>What?s Your Skincare Philosophy?</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2885-whats-your-skincare-philosophy</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2885-whats-your-skincare-philosophy#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:11:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Tell me, does this describe you; you buy whatever skin cream you see advertised on television or whatever product your friends are using. For many people this is their . That was also the skincare philosophy of my fiancé until she asked me to research skin creams and lotions. She was just not happy with [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tell me, does this describe you; you buy whatever skin cream you see advertised on television or whatever product your friends are using. For many people this is their .</p>
<p>That was also the skincare philosophy of my fiancé until she asked me to research skin creams and lotions. She was just not happy with the products she was using.</p>
<p>She usually just purchased a recognizable brand from the drugstore. Of course, at the time I had no idea whether this was a good idea or not.</p>
<p>So, I set to work at doing research on skin care products. I quickly realized that most brands of skin creams and lotions found at the drugstore did not contain the necessary ingredients to be an effective product.</p>
<p>In addition, I found that many of those products contain ingredients that can be harmful to your skin.</p>
</p>
<p>It seems that the most effective ingredients used in skin creams and lotions are natural ingredients. They are also much safer than using the standard chemical based products.</p>
<p>Thus, my fiancé’s skincare philosophy now consists of using only the best natural products. Because of this, she has not been this happy with her skin since she was much younger. As a side note, she is currently in her mid-forties.</p>
<p>Once I had convinced her she should be using natural products, I set about to look the most effective natural ingredients because even not all natural substances are as effective.</p>
<p>In all honesty, I do not know why more people are not using safe natural products. Frankly, it should be everyone’s skincare philosophy.</p>
</p>
<p>You wouldn’t think that the advancements in science and technology would have a bearing on natural skin creams and lotions but they do.</p>
<p>Using the latest cell rejuvenation technology has allowed scientists to formulate very effective creams containing the very best natural substances.</p>
<p>Most of the big name cosmetic companies are still using chemical and synthetic ingredients because they are cheaper to manufacture. This keeps their costs low, so they can continue to make large profits.</p>
<p>Some of the most effective natural ingredients include Manuka honey, Avocado oil, Macadamia oil, Grapeseed oil, Jojoba oil, Phytessence Wakame and Cynergy TK.</p>
<p>All of these ingredients are very effective on their own, however when combined they work in synergy together to increase their overall effectiveness.</p>
<p>If you truly want to reduce lines and wrinkles on your skin, then seriously think about using creams and lotions containing these natural substances.</p>
<p>What is your <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1055001']);" href="http://www.thefacewrinkle.com/">skincare philosophy</a>? Now, that you are armed with this information, what action are you going to take?</p>
<div>
<p>Tom became an advocate for using organic skin care products when researching for a safe and effective skin cream for his fiancé. He now hopes to educate people on how to find the best <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1055001']);" href="http://www.squidoo.com/facewrinklecreamideas">natural body firming cream.</a> Visit his site today! http://www.thefacewrinkle.com/<br />By Tom Woods</p>
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<h3><a href="http://www.amazon.com/What-this-thing-called-Science/dp/0872204537%3FSubscriptionId%3DAKIAI7SWRO5N2Q5AP7XQ%26tag%3Diphogoss-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0872204537" rel="nofollow">What is this thing called Science?</a></h3>
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This new edition of Chalmers's highly regarded and widely read work-translated into fifteen languages-is extensively rewritten and reorganized, reflecting the experience of the author, his colleagues, and correspondents in twenty years of teaching from the previous edition. Significant additions are new chapters on the Bayesian approach to science, the new experimentalism, the nature of scientific laws, and the realism/anti-realism debate. An ideal introduction to scientific method, Chalmers's w

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<p>
<div style="float:left;margin:5px;"><img alt="BQ? 3: The Fusion of Science and Spirit" src="http://thephilosopherschair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/c7a6d_Philosophy_of_Science_default.jpg" /></div>
<p>How Do You Define The Soul? Where does the soul reside? Where does it go after we die? What is consciousness? What makes each of us unique yet connected in unity? For thousands of years humankind has asked these existential questions and religions have attempted to explain the divine nature of human existence. With the advent of theoretical physics, quantum mechanics and the emerging fields of string and membrane theory to explain reality, science has reached extraordinary new heights of understanding. In The Fusion of Science and Spirit &#8211; The Bigger Questions series goes beyond &#8220;The Secret&#8221; to provide a deeper explanation of the true nature of this wonderful multiverse we live in and provides a cutting-edge understanding of our mystical connection to the cosmos, spirit and ourselves. Join top experts as they ponder The Fusion of Science and Spirit and show that ancient mystics and native peoples had knowledge of the interconnectedness of all things. Featuring: Amit Goswami PhD, Charles Tart PhD, William Tiller PhD, Dean Radin PhD, John Hagelin PhD, Russell Targ PhD, Brian O&#8217;Leary PhD. NOW on DVD &#8211; Go to www.UFOTV.com. Bigger Questions? &#8211; The Psychic Matrix, Cat# U772 Bigger Questions? &#8211; The Nature of Reality, Cat# U773 Bigger Questions? &#8211; The Fusion of Science and Spirit, Cat# U774<br />
<strong>Video Rating: 4 / 5</strong></p>
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		<title>NCERT Science Books- Stressing on Sequential Growth</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2884-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2884-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:10:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy. To make the process of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[</p>
<p>The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy.</p>
<p> To make the process of conceptual understanding and learning systematic,NCERT has divided the entire  curriculum from grade 1 to XII into various levels. These levels focus on the progressively incremental nature of the knowledge acquiring process that emphasizes a sequential building of concepts. A learning process that is sequential in nature helps students understand the concepts easily and also leads to a better retention of the studied material as it fits into the knowledge schema that already exists with the child. This helps students to efficiently master all important concepts particularly in the in sciences and maths.</p>
<p> At the first level, that is the  primary level , the focus is on ‘exploration’. Here the students are encouraged to explore the world. Through the various activities and practical exercises in the  books, the students are encouraged to gain knowledge through hands-on experience. For example in the primary classes while teaching about trees, the students are asked to collect different type of leaves and prepare a scrap book with the names of each of the leaves.      </p>
<p> Once a student passes through the first level the next is the  upper primary level. Here the stress is on learning by involving the students in group discussions with peers, performing simple experiments etc. Under the ‘Extended Learning’ activities in NCERT Science books, the students are guided to explore more information about the topics already studied. Once the required information is gathered a classroom discussion following it helps to concretizing the learning and fills the gaps. A group discussion facilitates easy exchange of information. For example, in the NCERT Science book for Class VII an activity in the Chapter ‘Nutrition in Plants’, asks students to visit a greenhouse and observe how plants are raised. They are also asked to collect additional information on the regulation of light, water and CO2 and discuss the same with the classmates.</p>
<p> The next level is the  secondary level. Under this level the onus is on learning through advanced modules of learning in NCERT Science books. Various initiatives such as the National Talent Search Exam, National Science Exhibitions etc are also organized to assess the grasp of theoretical principles and their practical applications. For competitions like these, the entire syllabus is based on the NCERT Science curriculum.</p>
<p> Fourth and the last level is the  higher secondary level. In this level, Science is promoted and taught as a discipline. Under this last level, Science as a composite subject is bifurcated into three to four different subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology. Students studying NCERT Science take up their respective streams and combinations. The NCERT Science Books for these classes focuses on helping students master each subject individually so that students pursue higher studies in Science and may even take up the field of Science professionally.                </p>
<div>
<p>Ashutosh Sharma writes articles for students of NCERT CBSE, ICSE, Maharashtra Board and Karnataka Board to help them score well in exams. To get <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">NCERT science books </a>, CBSE board papers, CBSE books online, CBSE study material, CBSE sample papers, CBSE model papers and CBSE guess papers visit <b><a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">http://www.meritnation.com</a></b></p>
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<p>
<div style="float:left;margin:5px;"><img alt="Symphony of Science - A Wave of Reason" src="http://thephilosopherschair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/3f8ab_Philosophy_of_Science_default.jpg" /></div>
<p>&#8220;A Wave of Reason&#8221; is the seventh installment in the Symphony of Science music video series. It is intended to promote scientific reasoning and skepticism in the face of growing amounts of pseudoscientific pursuits, such as Astrology and Homeopathy, and also to promote the scientific worldview as equally enlightening as religion. It features Carl Sagan, Bertrand Russell, Sam Harris, Michael Shermer, Lawrence Krauss, Carolyn Porco, Richard Dawkins, Richard Feynman, Phil Plait, and James Randi. More science music videos can be found at symphonyofscience.com. Enjoy! ~John john @ symphonyofscience.com Lyrics Russell: When you are studying any matter Or considering any philosophy Ask yourself only: what are the facts, And what is the truth that the facts bear out Sagan: Science is more than a body of knowledge It&#8217;s a way of thinking A way of skeptically interrogating the universe If we are not able to ask skeptical questions To be skeptical of those in authority Then we&#8217;re up for grabs Shermer: In all of science we&#8217;re looking for a balance between data and theory Harris: You don&#8217;t have to delude yourself With Iron age fairy tales Porco: The same spiritual fulfillment That people find in religion Can be found in science By coming to know, if you will, the mind of God Krauss: The real world, as it actually is, Is not evil, it&#8217;s remarkable And the way to understand the physical world is to use science Dawkins: There is a new wave of reason Sweeping across America, Britain, Europe <b>&#8230;</b></p>
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		<title>NCERT Science Books- Stressing on Sequential Growth</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2882-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2882-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:10:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thephilosopherschair.com/2882-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy. To make the process of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[</p>
<p>The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy.</p>
<p> To make the process of conceptual understanding and learning systematic,NCERT has divided the entire  curriculum from grade 1 to XII into various levels. These levels focus on the progressively incremental nature of the knowledge acquiring process that emphasizes a sequential building of concepts. A learning process that is sequential in nature helps students understand the concepts easily and also leads to a better retention of the studied material as it fits into the knowledge schema that already exists with the child. This helps students to efficiently master all important concepts particularly in the in sciences and maths.</p>
<p> At the first level, that is the  primary level , the focus is on ‘exploration’. Here the students are encouraged to explore the world. Through the various activities and practical exercises in the  books, the students are encouraged to gain knowledge through hands-on experience. For example in the primary classes while teaching about trees, the students are asked to collect different type of leaves and prepare a scrap book with the names of each of the leaves.      </p>
<p> Once a student passes through the first level the next is the  upper primary level. Here the stress is on learning by involving the students in group discussions with peers, performing simple experiments etc. Under the ‘Extended Learning’ activities in NCERT Science books, the students are guided to explore more information about the topics already studied. Once the required information is gathered a classroom discussion following it helps to concretizing the learning and fills the gaps. A group discussion facilitates easy exchange of information. For example, in the NCERT Science book for Class VII an activity in the Chapter ‘Nutrition in Plants’, asks students to visit a greenhouse and observe how plants are raised. They are also asked to collect additional information on the regulation of light, water and CO2 and discuss the same with the classmates.</p>
<p> The next level is the  secondary level. Under this level the onus is on learning through advanced modules of learning in NCERT Science books. Various initiatives such as the National Talent Search Exam, National Science Exhibitions etc are also organized to assess the grasp of theoretical principles and their practical applications. For competitions like these, the entire syllabus is based on the NCERT Science curriculum.</p>
<p> Fourth and the last level is the  higher secondary level. In this level, Science is promoted and taught as a discipline. Under this last level, Science as a composite subject is bifurcated into three to four different subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology. Students studying NCERT Science take up their respective streams and combinations. The NCERT Science Books for these classes focuses on helping students master each subject individually so that students pursue higher studies in Science and may even take up the field of Science professionally.                </p>
<div>
<p>Ashutosh Sharma writes articles for students of NCERT CBSE, ICSE, Maharashtra Board and Karnataka Board to help them score well in exams. To get <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">NCERT science books </a>, CBSE board papers, CBSE books online, CBSE study material, CBSE sample papers, CBSE model papers and CBSE guess papers visit <b><a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">http://www.meritnation.com</a></b></p>
</div>
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				<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1PT90dAA49Q?fs=1&#038;rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="355" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<p>&#8220;A Wave of Reason&#8221; is the seventh installment in the Symphony of Science music video series. It is intended to promote scientific reasoning and skepticism in the face of growing amounts of pseudoscientific pursuits, such as Astrology and Homeopathy, and also to promote the scientific worldview as equally enlightening as religion. It features Carl Sagan, Bertrand Russell, Sam Harris, Michael Shermer, Lawrence Krauss, Carolyn Porco, Richard Dawkins, Richard Feynman, Phil Plait, and James Randi. More science music videos can be found at symphonyofscience.com. Enjoy! ~John john @ symphonyofscience.com Lyrics Russell: When you are studying any matter Or considering any philosophy Ask yourself only: what are the facts, And what is the truth that the facts bear out Sagan: Science is more than a body of knowledge It&#8217;s a way of thinking A way of skeptically interrogating the universe If we are not able to ask skeptical questions To be skeptical of those in authority Then we&#8217;re up for grabs Shermer: In all of science we&#8217;re looking for a balance between data and theory Harris: You don&#8217;t have to delude yourself With Iron age fairy tales Porco: The same spiritual fulfillment That people find in religion Can be found in science By coming to know, if you will, the mind of God Krauss: The real world, as it actually is, Is not evil, it&#8217;s remarkable And the way to understand the physical world is to use science Dawkins: There is a new wave of reason Sweeping across America, Britain, Europe <b>&#8230;</b><br />
<strong>Video Rating: 4 / 5</strong></p>
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		<title>NCERT Science Books- Stressing on Sequential Growth</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2883-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2883-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:10:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thephilosopherschair.com/2883-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy. To make the process of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[</p>
<p>The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy.</p>
<p> To make the process of conceptual understanding and learning systematic,NCERT has divided the entire  curriculum from grade 1 to XII into various levels. These levels focus on the progressively incremental nature of the knowledge acquiring process that emphasizes a sequential building of concepts. A learning process that is sequential in nature helps students understand the concepts easily and also leads to a better retention of the studied material as it fits into the knowledge schema that already exists with the child. This helps students to efficiently master all important concepts particularly in the in sciences and maths.</p>
<p> At the first level, that is the  primary level , the focus is on ‘exploration’. Here the students are encouraged to explore the world. Through the various activities and practical exercises in the  books, the students are encouraged to gain knowledge through hands-on experience. For example in the primary classes while teaching about trees, the students are asked to collect different type of leaves and prepare a scrap book with the names of each of the leaves.      </p>
<p> Once a student passes through the first level the next is the  upper primary level. Here the stress is on learning by involving the students in group discussions with peers, performing simple experiments etc. Under the ‘Extended Learning’ activities in NCERT Science books, the students are guided to explore more information about the topics already studied. Once the required information is gathered a classroom discussion following it helps to concretizing the learning and fills the gaps. A group discussion facilitates easy exchange of information. For example, in the NCERT Science book for Class VII an activity in the Chapter ‘Nutrition in Plants’, asks students to visit a greenhouse and observe how plants are raised. They are also asked to collect additional information on the regulation of light, water and CO2 and discuss the same with the classmates.</p>
<p> The next level is the  secondary level. Under this level the onus is on learning through advanced modules of learning in NCERT Science books. Various initiatives such as the National Talent Search Exam, National Science Exhibitions etc are also organized to assess the grasp of theoretical principles and their practical applications. For competitions like these, the entire syllabus is based on the NCERT Science curriculum.</p>
<p> Fourth and the last level is the  higher secondary level. In this level, Science is promoted and taught as a discipline. Under this last level, Science as a composite subject is bifurcated into three to four different subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology. Students studying NCERT Science take up their respective streams and combinations. The NCERT Science Books for these classes focuses on helping students master each subject individually so that students pursue higher studies in Science and may even take up the field of Science professionally.                </p>
<div>
<p>Ashutosh Sharma writes articles for students of NCERT CBSE, ICSE, Maharashtra Board and Karnataka Board to help them score well in exams. To get <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">NCERT science books </a>, CBSE board papers, CBSE books online, CBSE study material, CBSE sample papers, CBSE model papers and CBSE guess papers visit <b><a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">http://www.meritnation.com</a></b></p>
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				<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1PT90dAA49Q?fs=1&#038;rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="355" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<p>&#8220;A Wave of Reason&#8221; is the seventh installment in the Symphony of Science music video series. It is intended to promote scientific reasoning and skepticism in the face of growing amounts of pseudoscientific pursuits, such as Astrology and Homeopathy, and also to promote the scientific worldview as equally enlightening as religion. It features Carl Sagan, Bertrand Russell, Sam Harris, Michael Shermer, Lawrence Krauss, Carolyn Porco, Richard Dawkins, Richard Feynman, Phil Plait, and James Randi. More science music videos can be found at symphonyofscience.com. Enjoy! ~John john @ symphonyofscience.com Lyrics Russell: When you are studying any matter Or considering any philosophy Ask yourself only: what are the facts, And what is the truth that the facts bear out Sagan: Science is more than a body of knowledge It&#8217;s a way of thinking A way of skeptically interrogating the universe If we are not able to ask skeptical questions To be skeptical of those in authority Then we&#8217;re up for grabs Shermer: In all of science we&#8217;re looking for a balance between data and theory Harris: You don&#8217;t have to delude yourself With Iron age fairy tales Porco: The same spiritual fulfillment That people find in religion Can be found in science By coming to know, if you will, the mind of God Krauss: The real world, as it actually is, Is not evil, it&#8217;s remarkable And the way to understand the physical world is to use science Dawkins: There is a new wave of reason Sweeping across America, Britain, Europe <b>&#8230;</b></p>
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		<title>NCERT Science Books- Stressing on Sequential Growth</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2881-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</link>
		<comments>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2881-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:10:09 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://thephilosopherschair.com/2881-ncert-science-books-stressing-on-sequential-growth</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy. To make the process of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[</p>
<p>The driving philosophy of NCERT while drafting the NCERT Science curriculum and books has always been to provide students with education material that is ‘true to life, true to child and true to science’ . The NCERT has been publishing NCERT Science text books with content that reflects this philosophy.</p>
<p> To make the process of conceptual understanding and learning systematic,NCERT has divided the entire  curriculum from grade 1 to XII into various levels. These levels focus on the progressively incremental nature of the knowledge acquiring process that emphasizes a sequential building of concepts. A learning process that is sequential in nature helps students understand the concepts easily and also leads to a better retention of the studied material as it fits into the knowledge schema that already exists with the child. This helps students to efficiently master all important concepts particularly in the in sciences and maths.</p>
<p> At the first level, that is the  primary level , the focus is on ‘exploration’. Here the students are encouraged to explore the world. Through the various activities and practical exercises in the  books, the students are encouraged to gain knowledge through hands-on experience. For example in the primary classes while teaching about trees, the students are asked to collect different type of leaves and prepare a scrap book with the names of each of the leaves.      </p>
<p> Once a student passes through the first level the next is the  upper primary level. Here the stress is on learning by involving the students in group discussions with peers, performing simple experiments etc. Under the ‘Extended Learning’ activities in NCERT Science books, the students are guided to explore more information about the topics already studied. Once the required information is gathered a classroom discussion following it helps to concretizing the learning and fills the gaps. A group discussion facilitates easy exchange of information. For example, in the NCERT Science book for Class VII an activity in the Chapter ‘Nutrition in Plants’, asks students to visit a greenhouse and observe how plants are raised. They are also asked to collect additional information on the regulation of light, water and CO2 and discuss the same with the classmates.</p>
<p> The next level is the  secondary level. Under this level the onus is on learning through advanced modules of learning in NCERT Science books. Various initiatives such as the National Talent Search Exam, National Science Exhibitions etc are also organized to assess the grasp of theoretical principles and their practical applications. For competitions like these, the entire syllabus is based on the NCERT Science curriculum.</p>
<p> Fourth and the last level is the  higher secondary level. In this level, Science is promoted and taught as a discipline. Under this last level, Science as a composite subject is bifurcated into three to four different subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology. Students studying NCERT Science take up their respective streams and combinations. The NCERT Science Books for these classes focuses on helping students master each subject individually so that students pursue higher studies in Science and may even take up the field of Science professionally.                </p>
<div>
<p>Ashutosh Sharma writes articles for students of NCERT CBSE, ICSE, Maharashtra Board and Karnataka Board to help them score well in exams. To get <a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">NCERT science books </a>, CBSE board papers, CBSE books online, CBSE study material, CBSE sample papers, CBSE model papers and CBSE guess papers visit <b><a rel="nofollow" onclick="javascript:_gaq.push(['_trackPageview', '/outgoing/article_exit_link/1582567']);" href="http://www.meritnation.com">http://www.meritnation.com</a></b></p>
</div>
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				<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/1PT90dAA49Q?fs=1&#038;rel=0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="355" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object></p>
<p>&#8220;A Wave of Reason&#8221; is the seventh installment in the Symphony of Science music video series. It is intended to promote scientific reasoning and skepticism in the face of growing amounts of pseudoscientific pursuits, such as Astrology and Homeopathy, and also to promote the scientific worldview as equally enlightening as religion. It features Carl Sagan, Bertrand Russell, Sam Harris, Michael Shermer, Lawrence Krauss, Carolyn Porco, Richard Dawkins, Richard Feynman, Phil Plait, and James Randi. More science music videos can be found at symphonyofscience.com. Enjoy! ~John john @ symphonyofscience.com Lyrics Russell: When you are studying any matter Or considering any philosophy Ask yourself only: what are the facts, And what is the truth that the facts bear out Sagan: Science is more than a body of knowledge It&#8217;s a way of thinking A way of skeptically interrogating the universe If we are not able to ask skeptical questions To be skeptical of those in authority Then we&#8217;re up for grabs Shermer: In all of science we&#8217;re looking for a balance between data and theory Harris: You don&#8217;t have to delude yourself With Iron age fairy tales Porco: The same spiritual fulfillment That people find in religion Can be found in science By coming to know, if you will, the mind of God Krauss: The real world, as it actually is, Is not evil, it&#8217;s remarkable And the way to understand the physical world is to use science Dawkins: There is a new wave of reason Sweeping across America, Britain, Europe <b>&#8230;</b><br />
<strong>Video Rating: 4 / 5</strong></p>
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		<title>Mainstream Science&#8217;s Dogma Reversal: Aerobic Glycolysis/ Metabolic Alterations are finally seen as Necessary for Cancer Cell Initiation/ Maintena</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2865-mainstream-sciences-dogma-reversal-aerobic-glycolysis-metabolic-alterations-are-finally-seen-as-necessary-for-cancer-cell-initiation-maintena</link>
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		<pubDate>Sun, 09 Oct 2011 07:55:11 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aerobic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alterations]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cancer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cell]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dogma]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Finally]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Glycolysis/]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Mainstream Science&#8217;s Dogma Reversal: Aerobic Glycolysis/ Metabolic Alterations are finally seen as Necessary for Cancer Cell Initiation/ Maintenance. Gregory S. Bambeck Ph.D. and Michael Wolfson J. D., M.B.A  After a half of a century, mainstream big science has completely reversed its dogma on how it is necessary that cancer cells partition their nutrient resources, in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mainstream Science&#8217;s Dogma Reversal: Aerobic Glycolysis/ Metabolic Alterations are finally seen as Necessary for Cancer Cell Initiation/ Maintenance.</p>
<p>Gregory S. Bambeck Ph.D. and Michael Wolfson J. D., M.B.A </p>
</p>
<p>After a half of a century, mainstream big science has completely reversed its dogma on how it is necessary that cancer cells partition their nutrient resources, in a specific way, between material for cell growth and energy production. A thirty years ago modified version of the originally rejected Warburg theory, now has powerful support from newly integrated metabolic pathway studies and core system therapies. This theory was worse than ignored, as it was actively squelched by a small, but elite group, controlling the publication and funding philosophy of cancer during this whole time span. Only the future will tell how much human suffering, could have been prevented, if just honest inquiry and scrutiny had also been allowed to flower, instead of the exclusionary and prejudicial pursuit of personal influence over pet investigative paradigms. Much precious time, knowledge and human life were lost enforcing such preconception, assumption, and opinion upon the course of scientific investigation. Fortunately, but belatedly, data and fact finally triumphed over politics and elevated position. Newly discovered metabolic control systems may benefit us all, not only in the medical area of cancer, but in therapeutic arenas of some other major diseases of aging, as well. A brief human, scientific, data and fact history is contained, herein.</p>
</p>
<p>          In a watershed reversal of an entrenched fifty four year old dogma, Science magazine published a Special Section issue on 12/03/10 devoted to metabolic energetics; and more so to the diseases of aging, such as heart disease, diabetes II and especially, cancer. Most important, from a historical (and this document&#8217;s) standpoint, is the article on p.1340 by Levine and Puzio-Kuter, which concludes that key elements of the Warburg aerobic glycolysis hypothesis are critical to and necessary for the initiation and maintenance of the transition from the normal cell to cancer cell metabolic pattern. In most of our previous (and this) papers, we refer to this conversion as the cancer ‘metabotype.&#8217; This publication did not surprise us, as our prediction that such a ‘revelation&#8217; would happen soon, has its basis not just in new, but in firm, and very old, evidence. From 1956 to near present times, such a pronouncement would have been considered heretical, and so taboo as to be refused publication in any major scientific journal or to have received any research funding by any respectable granting agency. This sorry story goes back to the mid twentieth century. Although science itself may be impartial, scientists, being all too human, are not. Their organizations and institutions consist of hierarchies of power, influence and opinion no different from that of any other political system. Sometimes, even the ‘show me&#8217;, ‘replicate to prove&#8217;, and peer review crosscheck and verification safeguards of scientific inquiry can be swept away in the emotional heat of the moment. As such, was the fury and wholesale rejection surrounding the towering influence of the Nobel laureate, Otto Warburg and his aerobic glycolysis hypothesis. Fortunately, for science and the rest of us, blunders of this magnitude are rare.</p>
<p>     Science, for all its outward appearances of rational intelligence and progresses that have arisen from its aggregate achievements, can obscure the view from inside individual laboratories or in narrow areas of specialization, where it can be actually shown that science moves forward more so in fits and starts, lurches and bounds and often in haphazard random walks. Scientific disagreements usually take place without much beyond a few political ripples, as friendly (or otherwise) combatants ruffle each other&#8217;s feathers on a one to one, or small group basis. In short, things do not normally get out of hand.</p>
<p>     Such is not the case with the Warburg  hypothesis, or the refinements of its one and only significant shortcoming. For over a half of a century, the subject of aerobic glycolysis has been verboten; sealed with skull and crossbones. In 1956, Warburg&#8217;s two valid hypotheses went down the same drain used to flush down his third imperfect hypothesis. More significantly, even the study of general intermediary metabolism, itself, has moved into similar backwaters for the last 30 years. How and why did this happen? What has caused such a profound reversal in our thinking? How have we, (science and medicine) been hurt by this?  Can we, or do we resolve the inequities of the past and/or give credit where credit is due? What are the medical implications of our newly found logical reversal? Where do we go from here?</p>
<p>          Answers to some of these questions, in part or more fully, are available in the Science article referenced in the second sentence of this paper. We highly recommend that the reader look into this article, because it (ever so quietly) represents probably the biggest biomedical upheaval, reversal and revolution in more than a half century. This is no small potatoes. We are looking at a genuine historical paradigm shift of momentous dimensions, the historical importance, of which, aerobic glycolysis naysayers would wish to remain hidden in the attic, like a senile grandparent, because the ‘unquiet&#8217; story version is simply just too embarrassing. We know this is true, because one of us was there; lived it. We take a little different tack than Science, when answering such questions and while remembering the fifty-four year aformentioned history. We are going to talk a little science, but the real heavy stuff we will leave to the reader to find in our short, but highly informative reference list. Regardless, it helps to have a basic background in metabolics, nutrition and bioenergetics or biochemistry 101. For the less technically initiated, scan over the science stuff, paying deeper attention to the human narrative woven throughout this document, as it is instructive in its own way.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>     About 70 years ago, Otto Warburg, a highly prestigious paragon of theoretical metabolics, hypothesized that aerobic glycolysis, lactic acid production and mitochondrial respiratory deficiency were a triple requirement for the conversion from a normal to a cancer cell. This cellular state completely changed the way a cell made the vital energy carrier molecule, ATP, which is required to power most cellular functions. In a normal cell, glucose is the primary fuel burned to make ATP. This occurs in two stages. The first stage, called glycolysis, burns without oxygen, produces two ATP and feeds its product, pyruvate, into the second stage, called the Kreb&#8217;s-OX/PHOS system, which burns with oxygen and produces 32 ATP. The second system also makes two ATP without oxygen. Thus, in total, four ATP (12%) result from burning without oxygen (substrate phosphorylation) and 32 ATP (88%) are made by burning to carbon dioxide, with oxygen (oxidative phosphorylation-OX/PHOS). Glycolysis occurs in the cell cytoplasm, while Kreb&#8217;s-OX/PHOS occurs in the cellular organelles called the mitochondria. When oxygen concentrations are limiting (hypoxia), mitochondria cannot burn all the pyruvate that glycolysis produces. So instead, the pyruvate, is converted to lactate and exported from the cell. Rather than dying an energy death due to lack of ATP, the cell elevates glucose importation and the rate of glycolysis increases dramatically (often exceeding 1000%) to make up for the ATP energy production shortfall. When oxygen levels rise, the normal cell system returns back to its efficient 12/88% ATP production ratio. This we call the Pasteur affect. This return to normal does not occur in cancer cells when adequate oxygen supply returns to normal, once again. Thus, Warburg used the term aerobic glycolysis, when ascribing this phenomenon to cancer cells. Warburg stated that cancer cells were different from normal cells in that they were ‘stuck&#8217; in a state of 1) elevated glycolysis, 2) elevated lactate production and 3) mitochondrial oxygen consumption deficiency.  </p>
<p>          It was postulate number three that became the fly in the ointment. Scientists successfully attacked his mitochondrial respiratory defect concept because many cancer cell mitochondria had normal respiration. Warburg countered that low mitochondrial numbers, on a per cell basis, could yield the results seen, as it is the cell, which is the unit of life. This whole debate came to a head in 1956-1959, in a duel between Warburg  and Weinhouse, Chance and others. Warburg&#8217;s third hypothesis was upended, when it was demonstrated that more than just a few types of cancer cell mitochondria have normal respiratory chains and that a small number of cancers even show elevated respiration on a ‘per cell&#8217; basis (Warburg, Science 123, 309-314, 1956. Weinhouse, 124, 267-269, 1956. Chance, 128, 700-708, 1959). When Warburg shifted his emphasis toward mitochondrial ATP production deficiency, Weinhouse countered by assuming that normal carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption were a proof of adequate ATP production. Weinhouse was wrong on this one, but it was before the days of the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Mitchell, and the concept of respiration being uncoupled from ATP was unknown and not readily measurable with the technology of the times, so his knowledge error can be overlooked, but his assumption cannot, because it was no more proven than its antithesis. Even though Weinhouse was very wrong, he won the day. In fact, he won the next four decades, and even in 1999, metabolism was still not considered in Hanahan and Weinberg&#8217;s highly touted ‘six hallmarks of cancer&#8217;, even though by</p>
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		<title>Discussion on how greeks contributed to the acknowledgement of science as a means of knowing</title>
		<link>http://thephilosopherschair.com/2855-discussion-on-how-greeks-contributed-to-the-acknowledgement-of-science-as-a-means-of-knowing</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2011 03:54:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Philosophy of Science]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[acknowledgement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[contributed]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Discussion]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Greeks]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[means]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[Science is way of knowing things. It is responsible for discovering the truth about the facts and realizations which is the primary source of excellence among the human beings. It is very important that human beings recognize the development of Science that leads to the developments and the life that they are enjoying today. It [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Science is way of knowing things. It is responsible for discovering the truth about the facts and realizations which is the primary source of excellence among the human beings. It is very important that human beings recognize the development of Science that leads to the developments and the life that they are enjoying today. It is also important to acknowledge the Greeks in their contribution to the development of Science during mid-6th century BC . It is an open secret that the Greek civilization gave way to the understanding of so many things that existed on Earth. The Greeks are among the earliest Philosophers, the first Inventors and Scientists who explored the human minds of the society to the new era of understanding life.  This study believes that the Greek Civilization has a great influence in the development of Science.</p>
<p>The Copernican theory is the one responsible for the study of the Universe. The Astronomy has been the main reason behind the formulation of this theory. The Copernican theory studies the existence and features of the Universe that has been continued through scientific evidences. The Bible has their own beliefs regarding the Universe&#8217;s arrangement and systematical series of functions, religious groups. The verse from the Bible states that the same thing about Universal bodies revolves around the sun and each of these heavenly bodies found in the Universe exist upon nothing.  Aside from this, religious groups also accepted the fact that through the existence of Science, the general claims of the Bible which some consider as something that lacks much of the evidences needed for strong proof could be proven true through evidences. Lastly, the Copernican Model of the Universe is probably the closest model to the actual arrangement and the systems that the Universe follows, hence, religious enthusiasts are further convinced that God himself designed the awesome display of both power and complex plan of creation, to quote from the book,&#8221; Science without Limits&#8221; by James Perlman written in 2005.</p>
<p>&#8220;The history of astronomy shows the development of science as a discipline from the ancient world to the Renaissance, from the time of Ptolemy to the time of Galileo. Over that period, astronomy began to shift from a philosophy to a science. Science in the ancient world was not created out of whole cloth and was based on observations and the application of reason. By the time of Galileo, however, science was gaining a more experimental structure, and Galileo himself tested many ideas directly. His astronomy was also based on observations, but he was able to observe more directly and closely with the telescope.&#8221;(Perlman, 2005)</p>
<p>During the 13th century, a scholar named Thomas Aquinas combined the Aristotelian learning with Christian theology, later called the &#8220;Christian Aristotle.&#8221; Nevertheless, at some points he differed with Aristotle. Yet, despite of this foresight and a brilliant mind, Bacon was limited in his knowledge of the facts. He strongly believed in the principles of Astrology, Magic, and Alchemy. This demonstrates that Science is indeed an ongoing search for truth, always subjected to revision. Although, scientific investigation appeared to lie dormant in the 14th century, as the 15th century neared its end, mankind&#8217;s search for scientific truth was far from over.</p>
<p>In the general context, it could be considered that both science and religion play a great role in the human society. Their existence in the society makes it possible for man to understand things around him. Science continues to discover opportunities by which man could have knowledge about the system of things that evolve around him. At the same time, the ability of Science to uncover the mysteries that man used to misinterpret has guided human development a lot about the new inventions of technology, which are patterned from the different theoretical claims of Science. On the other hand, Religion functions as a social regulator. The Bible, which is known to be the basis of most existing religions in the human society, also uncovers the mysteries behind life and creation, which dated back much earlier than Science. Consequently, most Scientists consider the Bible deceptive because, according to them, the Bible does not provide much strong evidence to its claims. However, upon discovering reality through the processes that scientists believe to be authenticated.</p>
<p>The objectives of the Ionian Enchantment are to present the humans and the environment exists within the guidance of the laws given by nature itself. It could be observed that this particular idea points out that humans are able to live their lives without the particular laws from superior mandates from a more superior persona which is God.  According to this concept, the human capability of understanding the situations that they are involved with makes it easier for them to decide on which laws they are supposed to follow, thus making it identifiable obvious that humans are able to decide well for themselves, making it clear how science could be trusted with the explanations that they are suspending with regards the different basic issues in the society.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Curiosity gained through scientific knowledge, distant from god being disapproved, has only showed and taught us of how extremely complex, complicated, and breathtaking world in which we live in. Many philosophy people find it reasonable to conclude that the physical laws, chemical reactions, DNA, and the astounding assortment of life are all by one creator. There is indisputable proof to the opposing. If there is a Creator behind the universe, people cannot expect to comprehend him or his purposes by using telescopes, microscopes, or other scientific instruments.</p>
<p> </p>
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